Polymer pencil leads as a porous nanocomposite graphite material for electrochemical applications: The impact of chemical and thermal treatments

Pencil graphite electrodes are a simple, disposable, and low-cost alternative to screen-printed electrodes. In terms of stability sensitivity, pencil often outperform conventional carbon ones. This paper discusses emphasizes the superior properties polymer (pPeGEs), which can be exploited in electrochemical analysis molecules, such as chlorides, whose signals missing on common The chemical structural behaviour leads after exposure acids (HF, HNO3, HClO4) or organic solvents (CH3CN, CH3Cl) was monitored via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). activity pristine treated pPeGEs studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses reversible redox probes [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+. XPS proved presence siloxanes surface matrix leads; this finding relates hydrophobic character SEM then provided images surfaces with microplates flakes revealed removal upon treatment. CVs non-dried dried displayed changes matrix, accompanied water loss. Our study shows that pPeGE retains stable sensor when exposed solvents, except for HF chloroform. discovered effects explain processes occurring contribute their application sensing energy storage.